Under Ice

In Under Ice, William M. Leary examines the evolution of Arctic submarine operations in the U.S. Navy, a little-known but significant area of national security concern. Through the career of Waldo Lyon, he chronicles the problems of under-ice navigation and the development of Cold War naval strategy.In World War II, the Arctic became an active theater of operations for German and Soviet subs, which occasionally ducked under the ice to escape detection. After the war, Lyon's interest in cold-water acoustics led him to work on sonar instruments that could be applied to Arctic submarines. His specialization led to the establishment of the Arctic Submarine Laboratory (ASL) and the development of under-ice capability for nearly all U.S. subs, which became even more important with the growth of the Cold War and the corresponding growth of naval concern about the possibilities of nuclear warfare in Arctic regions. Lyon led the way in U.S. under-ice submarine development.In 1958, following the appearance of the first nuclear submarine, Nautilus, the Arctic Ocean beneath the pack ice could finally be fully explored. Today, under-ice operations are standard for submarines of the United States and other nations.Leary provides informative treatments of the early problems with under-ice navigation; the Boarfish experimental dives; the Skate's surfacing through ice cover at the North Pole; and the drama-packed patrol of Seadragon, the first submarine to pass under an iceberg and make a submerged voyage through the fabled Northwest Passage. He ably delineates the roles of such other actors in the drama as Robert McWethy, executive officer of the Burton Island and long-time supporter of Lyon'swork; the "fabulous patrol" of Sargo; CDR Joseph Skoog, who played poker while his crew transited the dangerous Arctic waters at high speed.Under Ice tells a lively and carefully researched story that will be important for naval and Cold War historians and for students